An introduction to steam generation and distribution. Forum ias upsc prelims 2020 test series test 26 with solutions pdf january 29, 2020. Jan 29, 2009 congress didnt set fuel standards until after the oil embargo of 1973. Japan has historically had the lightest, most fuel efficient vehicle fleet in the world. Another comprehensive definition is the objective of energy management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation, throughout the organization and. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous.
Taken together, the standards the administration has put in place for cars and light trucks span model years 2011 to 2025 and they represent the toughest fuel economy standards in history. Thus combustion may be represented symbolically by. But before we get to the meat of his argument, its worth correcting his numbers. Sep 08, 2017 for violations of the corporate average fuel economy standards. But his claims that the standards are hurting the auto industrys bottom line. Obama reveals details of gas mileage rules the new york times. Fuel economy standards drive down projected gasoline use. How the trump administrations course change on vehicle emissions reflects a larger policy shift away from environmentally friendly regulations meghan claiborne meghan is a 2009 graduate of the university of georgia and a 20 graduate of emory university school of law. Manufacturers each have to meet the corporate average fuel economy cafe standards for their salesweighted fleet. Fuel cells as alternative energy is increasingly used in various small and large applications, both stationary and portable.
Furthermore, this document does not specify which emissions constituents to measure e. Epa to pull back on fuelefficiency standards for cars. Box 880 morgantown, west virginia 265070880 november 2004. Mar 15, 2017 trump using detroit as stage for loosening obamas fuel economy rules american car manufacturers said the fueleconomy standards put in place by president barack obama would be technologically. Apr 02, 2018 epa administrator scott pruitt signed a plan to roll back fuel economy standards that the epa first finalized in 2012. That fuel economy law gave nhtsa the authority to propose standards beyond 27.
One decade of innovation, two decades of inaction 1970s. Trump using detroit as stage for loosening obamas fuel. The work of these societies led to the introduction of standards for the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels the asme boiler and pressure vessel code being the oldest originally published in 1914 and possibly best known. Increased automobile fuel efficiency and synthetic fuels.
The combustion process is an exothermic chemical reaction, i. By 1985, efficiency had improved dramatically, but momentum slowed as the government let standards stagnate. Epa administrator scott pruitt signed a plan to roll back fuel economy standards that the epa first finalized in 2012. Corporate fuel efficiency standards fuel economy standards have been used to improve energy efficiency in many places, most notably in the united states.
Environmental protection agencys 35year history labeling vehicles, the u. The new administration is considering issuing an executive order that would revoke californias ability to set its own fuelefficiency standards. The rule challenged herein is titled civil penalties final rule. Gas taxes are six times as effective as stricter fuel. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology by brian cook, heliocentris vancouver, canada whereas the 19th century was the century of the steam engine and the 20th century was the century of the internal combustion engine, it is likely that the 21st century will be the century of the fuel cell. The applications are highly suitable and viable in developing countries as well. Epa and nhtsa propose firstever program to reduce greenhouse. Epa is finalizing nonghg emission standards relating to the use of diesel auxiliary power units installed in new tractors. Epa chief scott pruitt to weaken fuel efficiency and emissions standards for new cars automakers had pushed trump to relax the obamaera standards. Under this firstever national program, average fuel efficiency for cars and trucks will nearly double, reaching an average performance equivalent of about. Biofuels that can be produced from renewable domestic resources offer an alternative to petroleumbased fuels. President barack obamas support for raising fuel efficiency to 35 m.
The first corporate average fuel economy cafe standards, as they are known, were created in 1975 by the national highway traffic safety administration nhtsa and the epa cafe overview, n. Each fuel cell is capable of supplying 12 kilowatts continuously, and up to 16 kilowatts for short periods. Final rule for revisions and additions to motor vehicle. An introduction to steam generation and distribution steam handbook.
Concepts and calculations is the first book of its kind to provide an applied, systems oriented description of energy intensity and efficiency in modern economies across the entire energy chain. The law called for a doubling of passengervehicle efficiencyto 27. The term energy management means many things to many people. Boilers bureau of energy efficiency 27 syllabus boilers. The emissions calculations for plugin hybridelectric vehicle phev operation are provided as inventory results, weighted in the same manner as fuel and electrical energy consumption.
Shubhra ranjan psir optional 2020 test 9 download pdf with solution january 30, 2020. Final rule for revisions and additions to motor vehicle fuel. Regulatory announcement epa420f10901, october 2010. New vehicle fuel economy and co emission standards emissions. Pocketbook savings, macroeconomic growth and other public benefits of fuel economy. Sep 19, 2017 us fuel efficiency standards save consumers billions, especially lowincome households. Kicking vehicle efficiency into high gear whitehouse. Energy management and audit bureau of energy efficiency 60 the information to be collected during the detailed audit includes.
Many emissions standards focus on regulating pollutants released by automobiles motor cars and other powered vehicles. China, technology penetration, fuelefficiency standards, technology costcurves. The new corporate average fuel economy cafe standards will increase from 2017 at 5% annually for cars and 3. If you love spending more on gas, trump has some good news. Automotive emissions air pollution, the automobile, and. Epa and nhtsa propose firstever program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel efficiency of medium and heavyduty vehicles. Automobile fuel economy standards resources for the future. Rau ias upsc prelims test series 2020 test 33 pdf with solution january 30, 2020. Energypolicy332005407419 potentiallongtermimpactsofchangesinusvehiclefuel ef. Car standards started at 18 miles per gallon mpg in 1978, went to 27. Congress enacted the renewable fuel standard rfs as part of the 2005 energy policy act and amended it in the 2007 energy independence and security act eisa. To encourage the production and consumption of biofuels in the united states, the u. Internal combustion engine performance characteristics.
Although it is not possible to make precise statements about the historical effects of cafe. Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items of process equip. While emission performance standards have been used to dictate limits for conventional pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur no x and so x, this regulatory technique may be used to regulate greenhouse gasses, particularly. Congress didnt set fuel standards until after the oil embargo of 1973. On the other hand, if you want to see a rare economic argument for fueleconomy standards, check out this 2006 paper pdf by christopher knittel. Energy information administration s annual energy outlook 2014 aeo2014 reference case, morestringent vehicle fuel economy standards contribute to a decline in motor gasoline consumption through 2040. From 20 to 2017, meghan was an trial associate at duane morris llp in. Historical case studies of energy technology innovation iiasa. Sep 12, 2012 fuelefficiency standards are a way of preventing car companies from being forced to hedge their bets by working on gas guzzlers as well as efficient runabouts. They are set by the secretary of transportation, currently. History of fuel economy one decade of innovation, two decades of inaction 1970s n in response to the oil price shocks of the early 1970s, congress passed the nations first corporate average fuel economy cafe standards in 1975. In the1960s, international fuel cells in windsor connecticut developed a fuel cell power.
Jul 29, 2011 the new corporate average fuel economy cafe standards will increase from 2017 at 5% annually for cars and 3. With an emphasis on analysis, specifically energy flow analysis, lifecycle energy accounting, economic analysis, technology evaluation, and policiesstrategies. Trump has focused on a systematic dismantling of the american regulatory framework, with environmental regulations coming under particularly fierce attack. Apr 02, 2018 epa chief scott pruitt to weaken fuel efficiency and emissions standards for new cars automakers had pushed trump to relax the obamaera standards. Epa chief scott pruitt to weaken fuel efficiency and. Types, combustion in boilers, performances evaluation, analysis of losses, feed water treatment, blow down, energy conservation opportunities. Environmental protection agency epa and the department of transportations national highway trafic safety administration nhtsa are announcing a irstever program to. The new automobile fuelefficiency standards requiring an average 54. Mar 04, 2016 steven thorpe, fuel economy standards, new vehicle sales, and average fuel efficiency, journal of regulatory economics, vol. Remarks by the president on national fuel efficiency standards. An emission performance standard is a limit that sets thresholds above which a different type of vehicle emissions control technology might be needed.
Background on fuel efficiency and emissions standards the world oil shock of 1973 u. Jul 30, 2011 the new automobile fuel efficiency standards requiring an average 54. To minimise energy costs waste without affecting production. Us fuel efficiency standards save consumers billions. The united states has the longest history with fuel economy regulation. In addition to affecting fuel consumption, the cafe standard is also claimed to.
How vehicle weight, driver deaths, and fuel consumption relate pdf. Fuel economy standards have been used to improve energy efficiency in many places, most notably in the united states. Energy management and audit bureau of energy efficiency. Efficiency standards on 28 august 2012, the obama administration, as part of the revised corporate average fuel economy cafe regulations, finalized a historic fuel efficiency standard for cars and lightduty trucks requiring a fuel efficiency rating of 54.
Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous energy profile. Eduardo porter has a very good explanation, today, of why it makes much more sense, from an economic perspective, to simply start raising gasoline taxes than it does to implement evertougher fuelefficiency standards. Us fuel efficiency standards save consumers billions, especially lowincome households. Fuel efficiency refers to fuel consumption per unit of output power. Obama reveals details of gas mileage rules the new york. Barack obama unveils historic agreement on fuel economy. The corporate average fuel economy cafe standards are regulations in the united states. Nearly4percentyear overyearformay2019accordingtokelleybluebook.
Department of energy office of fossil energy national energy technology laboratory p. The rule would have raised fuel economy standards for cars and suvs to 54. This action also includes certain epaspecific provisions relating to control of emissions of pollutants other than ghgs. A series of major lawsuits will be dropped in support of this new national standard. Madhu nc bus conductor upsc mains exam cleared, studied 5 hours january 29, 2020. An official website of the united states government. Alternatives for reducing oil imports 1982, by united states congress office of technology assessment. In an ideal world, each engine cycle 2 rev for 4stroke engine would start with the cylinder being completely full of fuelair mixture, and once ignited burn completely to release all of the. As a result, those companies can take the money theyd otherwise spend on developing sixton monsters, and invest it instead in the efficient cars of the future.
A necessary supplement is an efficient, lightweight and reliable dcdcconverter to adjust the weak fuel cell characteristic to the voltage level of buffer batteries and drive inverters. A copy of the challenged final rule is attached as exhibit a to this petition. Mar 03, 2017 cars drive along highway 101 in san francisco. The goal is to set one national standard that will rapidly increase fuel efficiency without compromising safety by an average of 5 percent each year between 2012 and 2016, building on the 2011 standard my administration set shortly after taking office. Epa and nhtsa propose firstever program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel eficiency of medium and heavyduty vehicles. Others regulate emissions from industry, power plants, small equipment such as lawn mowers and diesel generators, and other sources of air pollution the first automobile emissions standards were enacted in 1963 in the united. Fuel economy standards are a costly mistake the heritage. Passenger car fuelefficiency, 20202025 international council on. Fuel cell technology can generate electrical and thermal energy, thereby increases its overall efficiency.
May 19, 2009 the goal is to set one national standard that will rapidly increase fuel efficiency without compromising safety by an average of 5 percent each year between 2012 and 2016, building on the 2011 standard my administration set shortly after taking office. Trump using detroit as stage for loosening obamas fuel economy rules american car manufacturers said the fueleconomy standards put in place by president barack obama would be technologically. Standards is an analysis of the fortyyear history of. Department of transportation joined with epa in unveiling new fuel economy and environment labels that, for the first time ever, highlight the increased efficiency standards achieved under the obama administration that will save families money at the pump starting this year. For purposes of this test procedure, an hev is defined as a road vehicle that can draw propulsion energy from both of the following sources of stored energy.
Mexican new vehicle co2 emissions and fuel economy standards. Fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio from effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier into kinetic energy or work. Steven thorpe, fuel economy standards, new vehicle sales, and average fuel efficiency, journal of regulatory economics, vol. Combustion is the conversion of a substance called a fuel into chemical compounds known as products of combustion by combination with an oxidizer. Nonisolating dcdc converter for a fuel cell powered aircraft. At the same time, growth in heavyduty vehicle miles traveled vmt is greater than increasing heavyduty vehicle fuel economy, contributing. New standards, new approaches 1991, by united states congress office of technology assessment.
Oak ridge national laboratory ornl 2016 transportation energy data book. Information on fuel economy labeling, history and trends of fuel economy, testing and data, and information on how federal agencies work together on the issue of fuel economy. The corporate average fuel economy cafe standards are regulations in the united states, first enacted by the united states congress in 1975, after the 197374 arab oil embargo, to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles produced for sale in the united states. Fuel cells in aircraft applications are gaining more and more interest because of higher possible efficiency and increasing air pollution standards. The power plants are fuelled by hydrogen and oxygen from cryogenic tanks and provide both electrical power and drinking water.